Intro to Historical Linguistics
Spring 1994; Judith Maxwell
The course catalog says: The investigation of language change
and its causes. The reconstruction of earlier linguistic forms. The
Indo-European language family. Selected problems in phonological and
grammatical reconstruction.
This was the first linguistics class I ever took, and boy was it
a doozy. I hadn't a clue what was going on, and everyone else
seemed to already be familiar with not only the course material
but also each other. Nonetheless, I survived.
Selected Topics from the Syllabus
- Review of phonetics/phonology
- Sound change
- Semantic change
- Syntactic change
- Internal reconstruction
- History of English
- Comparative method
- Contact
- Glottochronology
- Anti-Greenberg
- Genetic change
- Language origins
- Cultural history and reconstructions
Projects and Papers
Internal Reconstruction Project. Assuming that
modern variation is a development from a prior, invariant state, we
attempted to reconstruct the latter by applying natural phonetic processes in
reverse. This project was on Russian consonant mutation in the
conjugation of verbs. There are probably some kinks in the rules, but
it was my first stab at linguistics.
Comparative Method Project. We compared three languages using the
100-word Swadesh list. By applying natural phonetic rules in reverse,
we attempted to reconstruct a "proto-language" from which the three
languages emerged. Using the percentage of cognates, we calculated
the time depth of the language split. This project compared Russian,
Polish, and Ukrainian, and took an incredible amount of time to do.
In fact, when I finally finished it, I made 3 more copies: one to hand in,
one to send to a friend (who, I'm sure, couldn't have cared less about it),
one (annotated) to plaster the door of my dormroom so all could revel in
the glory of it, and one to brutally destroy as a way of venting all
the stress I had accumulated as a result of doing it. The professor may or may not still have
the original filed away somewhere, and my friend has his copy somewhere
near the bottom of an enormous stack of letters from me which he has amassed
over the past 4 years. The other two copies were eliminated long ago.
Text and Readings
Hock, H. 1991. Principles of Historical Linguistics.
NY: Mouton de Gruter.
- Sapir, E. 1921. Language. NY: Harcourt, Brace, & World.
- "Language as a Historical Product: Drift"
- "Language as a Historical Product: Phonetic Law"
- de Saussure, F. 1959. Course in General
Linguistics. NY: Philosophical Library.
- Cooper, R. (ed.) 1982. Language Spread: Studies in Diffusion
and Social Change. Bloomington: Indiana U
- Dressler, W. "Acceleration, Retardation, and Reversal in
Language Decay?"
- Current Anthropology
- 1:1. Hymes, D. "Lexicostatistics so far"
- 31:1. Bateman et al. 1990. "Speaking in Forked Tongues"
- Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language. NY: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
- Anthropology Today, 1952.
- Greenberg, J. "Historical Linguistics and Unwritten Languages"
- Greenberg, J. 1987. Languages of the Americas. Stanford U.
- "Principles of Genetic Linguistic Classification"
- Anttila, R. 1972. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative
Linguistics. NY: Macmillan.
- "Genetic Linguistics and Biological Genetics"
- Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 85. 1988.
- Cavalli-Sforza et al. "Reconstruction of Human Evolution: Bringing
together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data"
- Harnad, et al. (eds.) 1976. Origins and Evolution of Language
and Speech. NY: Academy of Science.
- Kiparsky, P. "Historical Linguistics and the Origin of Language"
- The Atlantic Monthly, April 1991.
- Wright, R. "Quest for the Mother Tongue"
- Mandelbaum, D. (ed.) 1949. Selected Writings of Edward Sapir in Language,
Culture, and Personality. Berkeley: UC Press.
- Sapir. "Internal Linguistic Evidence Suggestive of the Northern Origin
of the Navaho"
- Dil, A. (ed.) 1979. Language, Context, and the Imagination. Stanford U.
- Friedrich, P. "Proto-Indo-European Trees"
- Friedrich, P. "Proto-Indo-European Kinship"
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